An analysis of pharmaceutical care for critical patients of an adult Intensive Care Unit

Abstract This work analyzed the pharmacotherapeutic problems identified by the clinical pharmacist in an intensive care unit (ICU) and the acceptance of pharmaceutical interventions in solving these problems. This is a descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study, carried out in the adult ICU of a public hospital. All patients hospitalized during the study period had their pharmacotherapy monitored and those whose stay at the ICU lasted less than 24 hours were excluded. The pharmacotherapeutic problems were classified according to type, cause, acceptability/implementation, mode of intervention, outcome and related pharmacotherapeutic group. 302 patients were followed up and 350 pharmacotherapeutic problems were identified. Most of them were classified as unnecessary drug-treatment (n=186; 53.1%). The most frequent causes were excessive drug administration (n=181; 97.3%), and antimicrobials was the main group of drugs associated to that type of problem. 350 pharmaceutical interventions were performed, highlighting "prescriber informed only" (n=178; 50.9%), with an average acceptability of 90.7%, with those carried out on site being more effective (93.4%). The number of pharmacotherapeutic problems that were totally solved was 282 (80.6%). Clinical pharmacy activities in the ICU identified, prevented and corrected pharmacotherapeutic problems, contributing to the optimization of pharmacotherapy in aspects related to the need, efficacy and safety of treatments.

Outpatient pharmaceutical office: access to medicines in public health

Abstract We evaluated the implementation of the outpatient pharmaceutical office in a teaching hospital regarding the access to medicines available in the Unified Health System - SUS. This is a descriptive-analytical study, based on secondary data analysis of 735 appointments performed by the pharmacist from 2015 to 2017. Of the drugs prescribed to patients attended at the outpatient pharmacist office, 86.39% were listed in the National List of Essential Medicines - RENAME, of which 95.43% belonged to the Specialized Component of Pharmaceutical Assistance. Evaluating the patient's diagnosis against the inclusion criteria of the Clinical Protocols and Therapeutic Guidelines (PCDT), that the most frequent pharmaceutical interventions were: adequacy of the medication request documents (56.4%) and examination requests for pharmacotherapeutic follow up (28.5%). When the prescribed drugs were not included in RENAME/PCDT, the intervention was accepted in 90.3% of the proposals for exchange with available drug in SUS. Still, it was possible to refer the patient to primary care for renewal of continuity of treatment in 95.1% of cases. In conclusion, the role of the clinical pharmacist contributes to the resolution of untreated health problems by promoting access to medicines within the scope of SUS and their rational use in accordance with the PCDT.

Intervention model for detection, prevention and control of COVID-19 in community pharmacy

Abstract The announcement by the WHO of the characterization of the new Coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) as a pandemic, entails an adaptation by the community pharmacy in carrying out its care activity in general, with particular emphasis on "Minor Ailments Service" in particular. The measures taken by the different health administrations in which patient telephone care by primary care offices is prioritized have left more consultations on symptoms in the community pharmacist health-related problems as pharmacies are the closest health facilities to the patient. The similarity between the symptomatology caused by the new Coronavirus with that of some Enteroviruses that cause mild respiratory and gastrointestinal tables (dry cough, fever, sore throat, vomiting, diarrhoea, etc.) makes community pharmacies highly capable places for contagion detection and prevention. A model of protocolized intervention is needed to facilitate the pharmacist's work in discriminating during the indication between minor symptoms and symptoms of referral for possible cases of COVID-19 so that in conjunction with the rest of the staff we help control the disease and make better use of primary care consultations.

The pharmacist's role on transgender care: findings from a literature review

Abstract Transgender is a broad-spectrum term referring to people who do not match their assigned sex at birth. Several issues, including social detachment, poor access to healthcare services, and the lack of social/economic opportunities, have historically affected this population. In this scenario, pharmacists - not mentioned in national and international clinical guidelines/protocols regarding transgender care - might be key professionals to serve and care for this population. The main goal of this literature review was to identify the pharmacists' role in the care of transgender people. The articles were retrieved from scientific databases. After applying filters (e.g., language, full-text availability, and coverage of the research question), seven articles were included in this review. The articles did not present pharmaceutical experiences or practices regarding transgender healthcare. Instead, some articles stressed the inadequate or inappropriate use of hormones and their side effects, also covering the role of this issue in professional development, gaps, and potential opportunities for research and pharmaceutical services. Pharmacists, included in a multi-professional team, could be a key element to promote access to healthcare and the well-being of the transgender population.

Consideraciones éticas en la dispensación de medicamentos en farmacias de Ecuador / Ethical considerations in the dispensing of medications in pharmacies in Ecuador

RESUMEN Introducción: Los farmacéuticos enfrentan conflictos éticos en la dispensación de medicamentos. La resolución de estos asegura un servicio eficaz, seguro, digno y de calidad. Objetivo: Caracterizar desde una perspectiva ética-deontológica la dispensación de medicamentos en las farmacias de Cuenca-Ecuador, 2018. Material y Métodos: La investigación tuvo un diseño no experimental, descriptivo y transversal. La muestra no probabilística fue de 65 dependientes. Se aplicó un cuestionario para identificar la resolución de conflictos éticos y el nivel de conocimientos sobre Ética y Deontología Farmacéutica. Las respuestas fueron codificadas y analizadas con SPSS 23.0. Resultados: Los conflictos más frecuentes fueron el consentimiento informado (83 por ciento), prescripción médica (95 por ciento) y conflicto de intereses (84 por ciento). La resolución ética de los conflictos fue superior en dependientes capacitados en Ética y Deontología, con una correlación de 0,34 (p= (0,009) con el nivel de conocimientos en Deontología Farmacéutica. El nivel de conocimiento sobre Ética y Deontología Farmacéutica fue bajo en 60 por ciento de la muestra, con asociación inversa a la autopercepción de conocimiento (ρ=-0,259; p≤ 0,001). Conclusiones: La resolución empírica de los conflictos éticos durante el ejercicio de la profesión se realiza sin un fundamento ético-deontológico. El nivel de conocimiento en Ética y Deontología requiere una intervención desde la capacitación institucional y formación profesional de modo que se revierta en la adopción de decisiones acertadas que garanticen la seguridad del paciente como persona(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pharmacists face ethical conflicts related to the dispensing of medications. Their resolution ensures an effective, safe, dignified, and quality service. Objective: To characterize the dispensing of medications from an ethical-deontological perspective in pharmacies of Cuenca-Ecuador in 2018. Material and methods: A non-experimental, descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted. The non-probability sample consisted of 65 pharmacists. A survey was applied to identify the resolution of ethical conflicts and the level of knowledge of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Deontology. Data were coded and analyzed with SPSS 23.0. Results: The most frequent conflicts included informed consent (83 percent), medical prescription (95 percent) and conflict of interests (84 percent).The resolution of ethical conflicts was higher in pharmacists with training in Ethics and Deontology, with a correlation of 0.34 (p =0.009) with the level of knowledge of Pharmaceutical Deontology. The level of knowledge of Pharmaceutical Ethics and Deontology was low in 60 percent of the sample, with an inverse association with the self-perception of knowledge (ρ= -0.259; p≤ 0.001). Conclusions: Empirical resolution of ethical conflicts while exercising the profession is carried out without ethical-deontological foundation. The level of knowledge of Ethics and Deontology requires intervention from institutional and professional training so that it is reverted to make the right decisions to guarantee the safety of the patient as a person(AU)

Desenvolvimento e validação de indicadores para avaliação da qualidade do acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico / Development and validation of indicators for quality assessment of medication management

Um dos elementos para melhoria da qualidade dos serviços farmacêuticos clínicos é medir a qualidade do cuidado prestado e os indicadores podem ser usados nesta avaliação. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos identificar estudos sobre indicadores de qualidade para serviços farmacêuticos clínicos e desenvolver e validar um instrumento de indicadores para avaliação dos serviços de acompanhamento farmacoterapêutico prestados para pacientes ambulatoriais. Para tanto, uma busca abrangente da literatura foi conduzida nas bases de dados PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Lilacs e DOAJ por esses estudos. Os instrumentos apresentados pelos estudos foram avaliados em relação à qualidade das propriedades psicométricas. A seguir, foi desenvolvido um instrumento de indicadores-chave de desempenho. O grupo de pesquisa estabeleceu sete indicadores possíveis para avaliação de especialistas da área através de duas rodadas da técnica Delphi para validação de conteúdo. Ainda, farmacêuticos foram convidados a participar por meio de um questionário para validação de construto e confiabilidade do instrumento. A busca bibliográfica identificou 3.276 registros, dos quais 12 estudos completaram os critérios de inclusão. No geral, o maior número de estudos foi baseado em pesquisas para avaliar a satisfação dos pacientes e usou a revisão da literatura combinada com opinião de especialistas para o desenvolvimento do instrumento. Todos os estudos apresentaram algumas propriedades psicométricas do instrumento. A consistência interna e a validade de conteúdo foram os critérios mais relatados dos estudos, e nenhum deles apresentou o critério de estabilidade. Onze (68,8%) especialistas participaram da primeira rodada da técnica Delphi e nove (81,8%) especialistas completaram as 2 rodadas. Um novo indicador foi desenvolvido após a avaliação do painel de especialistas na primeira rodada. No geral, a validade de conteúdo e construto foi alcançada para o instrumento final. Os resultados desta tese apontam que os instrumentos dos estudos identificados na revisão sistemática apresentaram propriedades psicométricas, porém de forma incompleta ou não satisfatória. Ainda, um instrumento com seis indicadores foi desenvolvido e validado para o Serviço de Acompanhamento Farmacoterapêutico prestado para pacientes ambulatoriais

One of the elements of quality improvement of medication management services is measuring the quality of care and key performance indicators (KPIs) can be used in this assessment. The study is aimed to identify quality indicators instruments in pharmaceutical care services and to develop and validate KPI instrument for medication management services provided for outpatients. For this, comprehensive literature search was performed in databases PubMed/Medline, Scopus, and Lilacs. The psychometric quality of the instruments was determined. In addition, a key performance indicators instrument was developed. A working group established 7 possible KPIs for assessment of the expert panel through an internet based 2-round Delphi approach. An internet questionnaire was developed for pharmacists in order to construct validity and reliability of the instrument. The literature search yielded 3,276 records, of which 12 studies satisfied the inclusion criteria. Overall, the greatest number of studies were based surveys to assess patients' satisfaction and used literature review combined with expert's opinion for the instrument development. All studies presented some psychometrics properties of the instrument. Internal consistency and content validity were the most reported criteria of the studies and none of them presented stability. Eleven (68.8%) experts participated in the Delphi round 1 and nine (81.8%) experts completed the 2 Delphi rounds. A new KPI was develop after expert panel assessment in the first round. Overall, content and construct validity were reached for final instrument. The results of this thesis point out that instrument of the studies identified in the systematic review presented some psychometrics properties, but did not describe them satisfactorily. In addition, a set of six key performance indicators was developed and validated for medication management services provided for outpatients

Assessment of pharmaceutical services in HIV/AIDS health units in the city of Niterói, Brazil

ABSTRACT This study aimed to conduct an assessment of pharmaceutical services in HIV/AIDS in the city of Niteroi, Brazil, with emphasis on management. It was done a descriptive cross-sectional study, and the approach used was a normative assessment focused on quality. The indicators used were analyzed individually or grouped according to the components of pharmaceutical services. The assessment identified some good points, especially regarding the good availability of ARVs, and good guide patients in the use of these drugs, and also some problems such as low levels of compliance in relation to good dispensing practices criteria and storage and a high time for the distribution of medicines. The result was a degree of 50.3% compliance with the quality criteria, considered only regular in accordance with trial made. Proposals were suggested for actions and interventions, especially in relation to the improvement of structural conditions of pharmacies of health facilities in the city, and increased training of professionals involved in the services.

Assistência farmacêutica: gestão e prática para profissionais da saúde / Pharmaceutical care: management and practice for healthcare professionals

Se, no início dos anos 2000, a falta de acesso a medicamentos constituía um grande obstáculo à promoção da saúde, hoje, essa realidade já apresenta importantes sinais de mudança. Um exemplo é o expressivo aumento do número de pessoas com HIV/Aids que têm acesso aos medicamentos de que necessitam, resultado de iniciativas nacionais e internacionais. E, na construção desta nova realidade, o Brasil teve papel diferenciado e decisivo. É o que defendem os autores desta coletânea. Segundo eles, ao lutar diuturnamente pela implementação de políticas de garantia do acesso universal a medicamentos no território nacional, o Brasil pôde demonstrar, com suas experiências exitosas, que países em desenvolvimento eram capazes de promover esse acesso. Este livro - que vem preencher uma lacuna na área do ensino - busca não só compreender a consolidação da assistência farmacêutica, mas também fornecer referências para que ela continue avançando no Brasil. Afinal, apesar das conquistas, ainda existem vários desafios a serem enfrentados. Como os autores combinam o discurso científico com a experiência em serviço, os capítulos oferecem um embasamento acadêmico para responder às necessidades vivenciadas por gestores e profissionais, na prática. São, ao todo, 35 capítulos que abordam os mais variados tópicos: uso racional de medicamentos, recursos humanos, pesquisa, desenvolvimento tecnológico, produção, regulação sanitária, epidemiologia e assistência farmacêutica em desastres, entre outros. As experiências do Programa Farmácia Popular e de alguns estados e municípios também são analisadas no livro...

Bioética en la formación del profesional farmacéutico / Bioethics in the formation of pharmacy professional

La renovación y actualización de los planes de estudio en la formación de profesionales es tarea fundamental que le corresponde a las universidades. La entrada en el siglo XXI y el desarrollo científico-técnico que antecedió a este exige de profundas reflexiones. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue valorar la importancia de la bioética como disciplina en la formación de estos profesionales, a partir de las experiencias acumuladas acorde con los cambios y nuevos enfoques producidos en el desarrollo de las ciencias biomédicas y la revolución farmacológica de las ultimas décadas y de las preocupaciones manifestadas por organismos internacionales que tienen responsabilidad con la salud del hombre y su bienestar